Onye na-anya ụgbọ mmiri hichapụ ihe nkiri maka mmanụ ọpụrụiche: Otu esi enweta ọkwa mgbaze dị ala dị ala
Chee echiche nke a: I jirila ọnwa ole na ole mee ka usoro mmanụ pụrụ iche gị dị mma, naanị ịchọpụta ihe ndị na-agbaze ihe fọdụrụ gafere oke iwu n'oge nnwale ikpeazụ. Usoro uzuoku ọdịnala na-ahapụ 500-1000 ppm nke ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-etinye ihe ize ndụ nke ịjụ ngwaahịa na nhazi ọzọ dị oke ọnụ. Ihe ịma aka a na-emetụta ndị nrụpụta n'ofe ihe ịchọ mma, ọgwụ, na ụlọ ọrụ nri bụ ndị chọrọ ọkwa mgbaze n'okpuru 10 ppm. Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator na-enye ngwọta a nwapụtara, na-ejikọta teknụzụ dị gịrịgịrị na ikike ikuku dị elu iji nweta mkpokọta mgbaze fọdụrụ dị ka 5 ppm ebe ị na-echekwa ihe ndị na-emetụta okpomọkụ na mmanụ pụrụ iche.
Kedu ihe kpatara usoro iwepụ ihe mgbaze ọdịnala ji ada maka mmanụ ọpụrụiche?
Mmanụ ọpụrụiche na-eweta ihe ịma aka dị ọcha pụrụ iche nke ngwa distillation ochie enweghị ike idozi nke ọma. Ihe ndị a dị oke ọnụ-gụnyere mmanụ dị mkpa, mpụta CBD, mmanụ azụ nwere omega, na ihe gbasara ahịhịa — nwere ogige nwere mmetụta na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-eweda n'elu 80ºC. Ndị na-ekpochapụ ogbe omenaala na-ekpughere ngwaahịa na ikpughe okpomọkụ dị ogologo, na-achọkarị oge nhazi oge 4-6 na okpomọkụ dị elu. Nchegbu okpomọkụ a gbatịrị agbatị na-akpata oxidation nke fatty acids, na-emebi profaịlụ terpene siri ike, ma na-akpalite mgbanwe agba na-ebelata uru ahịa. Na mgbakwunye, sistemụ ọdịnala na-alụ ọgụ na njirimara viscosity dị elu nke mmanụ ọpụrụiche etinyebere, na-eduga na kpo oku na-ezighi ezi na iwepụ ihe mgbaze na-ezughị ezu. The Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator na-ekwupụta oke ndị a site na ịgbasa ngwa ahịa n'ime ihe nkiri dị oke mkpa nke dị naanị 0.3-0.5 mm. Nke a na-ebelata nke ukwuu ma oge ikpughe okpomọkụ yana okpomọkụ achọrọ. Ebe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ rotary nwere ike ịchọ 120 Celsius C maka awa 3, usoro ihe nkiri ehichapụrụ na-enweta nsonaazụ dị elu na 75 Celsius n'ime nkeji 15-20 nke oge obibi. Omume nhicha na-aga n'ihu na-egbochi mmetọ ma na-edobe ọkpụrụkpụ ihe nkiri na-agbanwe agbanwe ọbụlagodi na ihe viscous ruru 50,000 cP, na-eme ka ikuku dị n'otu gafee n'elu ikpo ọkụ niile.
Sayensị dị n'azụ nweta ihe mgbaze mgbaze dị ala
Inweta ọkwa ihe mgbaze nke sub-10 ppm chọrọ ịghọta ihe ngbanwe nha nha-mmiri dị na sistemu mmanụ pụrụiche. The Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator na-emepụta ọnọdụ kachasị mma site na usoro synergistic atọ. Nke mbụ, sistemụ ahụ na-edobe ọkwa oghere ruo 0.1 Pa (0.001 mbar), na-agbadata isi ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ dị ka ethanol, hexane, na methanol site na 80-100 Celsius ma e jiri ya tụnyere nrụgide ikuku. Nke a na-enye ohere vaporization ihe mgbaze zuru oke na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị mma maka ogige bioactive nwere mmetụta dị nro. Nke abụọ, nhazi ihe nkiri dị mkpa na-ebuli oke mpaghara-na-olu, na-eme ngwa ngwa ịnyefe oke site na mmiri mmiri gaa na akụkụ vepo. Omenala evaporators na-enweta 10-15 m²/m³ mpaghara ihu ihu, ebe ihe nkiri ehichapụrụ na-anapụta ihe karịrị 200 m²/m³. Mmụba okpukpu iri na ise a na-enyere aka iwepụ ihe mgbaze ngwa ngwa na-achọghị oke ọkụ. Nke atọ, mmegharị ahụ na-aga n'ihu nke elu ikuku evaporation site na ntugharị wipers na-egbochi ịmepụta gradients nke na-ejide ihe mgbaze n'ụdị viscous. Nnwale nnwere onwe na-akwado na usoro Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator ahaziri nke ọma na-ebelata ihe fọdụrụ na ethanol site na 3000 ppm ruo n'okpuru 8 ppm n'otu ngafe nwere mmanụ ọpụrụiche.
Usoro nhazi kachasị mma maka ngwa mmanụ ọpụrụiche dị iche iche
Ụdị mmanụ pụrụ iche dị iche iche chọrọ paramita ọrụ ahaziri ahazi iji nweta ọkwa ihe mgbaze dị ala na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ngwaahịa. Maka mmanụ dị mkpa nwere monoterpenes na-agbanwe agbanwe, okpomọkụ nhazi ga-anọgide na-erughị 65°C iji gbochie mfu terpene nke na-agbanwe profaịlụ isi. Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator na-anabata ihe a chọrọ site na ọrụ ikuku emelitere na 0.1-1.0 mbar yana elu kpo oku a kpara akpa na-ejigide njikwa okpomọkụ ±1°C kpọmkwem. Ọnụego nri na-adịkarị site na 5-15 kg/h maka nkeji nha ụlọ nyocha, na-enye ohere ka ọ ghara ịdị ọcha nke ọma ebe ọ na-ejigide mmepụta mmepụta. Cannabis na hemp extracts na-enye nkọwapụta siri ike karị, na-achọ iwepụ ihe mgbaze ethanol ma ọ bụ CO2 ruo ihe dị ka 5000 ppm maka ngwaahịa ọgwụ ma na-echekwa ike cannabinoid na mgbagwoju anya terpene. Ihe ndị a na-egbuke egbuke na-erite uru site na nhazi Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator nke ọkwa abụọ. Ogbo mbụ na-arụ ọrụ na oghere dị ala (10-50 mbar) na 85°C iji wepụ ihe mgbaze buru ibu, na-etinye ihe mwepụ ahụ na ịdị ọcha 90-95%. Nkebi nke abụọ na-eji oke ikuku (0.1-0.5 mbar) na 70°C maka imecha ihe mkpofu ikpeazụ, na-enweta ọkwa ihe mgbaze fọdụrụ nke 50-200 ppm. Usoro a na-aga n'ihu na-egbochi mmebi okpomọkụ ma na-ewepụ mkpa ọ dị maka oge nhazi dị ogologo karịa.
Achọrọ nhazi mmanụ azụ na mmiri mmiri
Mmanụ ọpụrụiche sitere na mmiri nwere EPA na DHA chọrọ nguzozi nke ọma n'etiti mwepụ ihe mgbaze na nchebe oxidative. Lipids ndị a na-edochaghị anya na-eme ngwa ngwa mgbe ekpughere ya na okpomọkụ, oxygen, na ìhè, na-emepụta ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ma na-ebelata uru nri. The Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator na-ebelata oxidation site na ikpuchi nitrogen nke oghere niile na-ekpo ọkụ yana ngwa ngwa nke ihe mgbaze ewepụrụ, na-egbochi ntinye oxygen n'oge nhazi. Okpomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ na-adị n'okpuru 75 Celsius ọbụlagodi mgbe a na-edozi mmanụ ethyl esters nke nwere 5-10% ethanol fọdụrụnụ site na esterification. Maka ngwa ịta ahụhụ omega-3, ikike ntugharị molekụla nke ụdị Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator dị elu na-eme ka iwepụ ihe mgbaze n'otu oge yana ịba ụba EPA/DHA. Usoro na-arụ ọrụ na 0.1 Pa vacuum na evaporator elu okpomọkụ nke 110-130 Celsius C na condenser okpomọkụ nke 40-50 Celsius C, na-eke zuru ezu molekụla pụtara free ụzọ nkewa dabere na molekụla arọ iche. Usoro a jikọtara ọnụ na-enweta 80% mkpokọta omega-3 yana ethanol fọdụrụnụ n'okpuru 10ppm yana ụkpụrụ peroxide n'okpuru 2 meq/kg, na-ezute nkọwapụta ọgwụ na usoro ụmụaka.
Nkọwa nka na ụzụ na-eme ka nsonaazụ mgbaze dị ala dị ala
Nhazi injinia nke Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator na-agụnye ọtụtụ atụmatụ dị egwu nke na-amata ọdịiche dị na ya na ngwa ihe nkiri dị mkpa. Ewu sitere na igwe anaghị agba nchara 316L na-eme ka ndakọrịta na mmanụ ọpụrụiche acidic ma na-akwado nkwado nhicha maka ngwa GMP. All ngwaahịa kọntaktị na-ebupụta nweta Ra <0.8 μm elu elu, na-egbochi mmetọ ma na-eme ka mgbanwe ngwa ngwa n'etiti ụdị mmanụ dị iche iche. Nhazi jaket na-ekpo ọkụ na-enye nkesa otu okpomọkụ n'ime ± 2 ° C n'ofe ikuku evaporation dum, na-ewepụ ntụpọ ọkụ nke nwere ike imebi ogige ndị nwere mmetụta. Usoro nhichapụ na-anọchite anya akụkụ kachasị mkpa na-emetụta arụmọrụ. Ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri na-ehichapụ ihe nkiri dị elu na-eji PTFE ma ọ bụ ọpụrụiche polymer wiper agụba nwere nchapụta agbanwe agbanwe nke edobere na 0.2-0.3 mm site na mgbidi ekpo ọkụ. Ọsọ ntụgharị na-adịkarị site na 100-300 rpm, na-aga n'ihu na-emegharị ihe nkiri ahụ kwa 0.2-0.3 sekọnd. Ntugharị ngwa ngwa a na-egbochi mmebi okpomọkụ ka ọ na-edobe oke ihe nkiri kachasị mma maka oke ikuku evaporation. Sistemụ njikwa ABB na-enye nleba anya na ngbanwe nke okpomọkụ jaket, ọkwa oghere, ọnụego nri, na ọsọ wiper, yana ikike ịdekọ data maka akwụkwọ nnabata iwu.
Mmepụta Sistemu Vacuum na Mmetụta arụmọrụ
Imezu oghere ọrụ nke 0.1 Pa chọrọ nhazi sistemụ vacuum dị elu karịa ngwa ụlọ nyocha ọkọlọtọ. Nwụnye nke ọkachamara na-ekpochapụ ihe nkiri evaporator gụnyere ụgbọ oloko vacuum dị iche iche na-ejikọta pamps rotary vane roughing na mgbọ mgbọrọgwụ na ma pumps mgbasa ma ọ bụ pumps turbomolecular maka vacuum kachasị. Ọnyà oyi dị n'etiti condenser evaporator na pumps vacuum na-ejide vapors ihe mgbaze fọdụrụ, na-echebe mmanụ mgbapụta site na mmetọ ma na-eme ka vacuum kwụsie ike. Nha ahịrị vacuum kwesịrị ekwesị - nke na-abụkarị dayameta 50-80 mm maka sistemụ pilot - na-ebelata mbelata nrụgide ma na-ejigide oghere na-agbanwe agbanwe na elu evaporation. Mmezi sistemụ vacuum mgbe niile dị mkpa maka ịnọgide na-enwe arụmọrụ solvent dị ala. Mmanụ mgbapụta na-agbanwe kwa awa ọrụ 200-300 na-egbochi mmụba viscosity nke na-ebelata arụmọrụ pump. Nhicha ọnyà oyi na nyocha ahịrị vacuum na-achọpụta ebe ikuku na-agbapụta nke na-emebi ọkwa vacuum. Sistemụ echekwara nke ọma na-enweta vacuum ntọala mgbe niile n'okpuru 0.05 Pa, na-enye oke ọrụ maka iwepụ ihe mgbaze sub-10 ppm a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ọbụlagodi na matrices mmanụ pụrụ iche siri ike.
Nhazi ọtụtụ ọkwa maka mbelata mgbaze kacha
Ọ bụ ezie na sistemu ihe nkiri ehichapụrụ otu pilot na-enye nsonaazụ dị mma maka ọtụtụ ngwa, ụfọdụ mmanụ ọpụrụiche chọrọ nhazi ọtụtụ ọkwa iji nweta nkọwapụta ihe mgbaze dị ala. Mmanụ osisi ewepụtara site na iji hexane ma ọ bụ mmanụ ala ether na-enwekarị ihe mgbaze 500-2000 ppm mgbe mgbake mmịpụta mbụ gasịrị. Nhazi ihe nkiri kpochapụrụ okpukpu abụọ na-enye ụzọ dị ọcha kacha mma. Nzọụkwụ mbụ na-arụ ọrụ na 5-10 vacuum vacuum na 90-95 ° C, na-ewepụ 95% nke ihe mgbaze fọdụrụnụ na ibelata viscosity site na iwepụ ihe ọkụ. Mmanụ a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ wee na-eri nri ozugbo n'ime ọkwa nke abụọ Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator na-arụ ọrụ na 0.1-0.5 mbar na 70-80 Celsius C maka nhicha ikpeazụ ruo n'okpuru 10 ppm residual mgbaze. Usoro a emebere na-enye ọtụtụ uru karịa ịnwa nhazi oghere dị omimi nke otu ogbo. Site na iwepu nnukwu ihe mgbaze na oghere na-agafeghị oke, ọkwa nke mbụ na-egbochi ibufe sistemu agụụ site na ibu vepo dị elu. Nke abụọ ogbo na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-ewepu trace solvents n'okpuru ọnọdụ kacha maka ntakiri okpomọkụ ikpughe. Ngụkọta oge nhazi oge 25-35 nkeji tụnyere nkeji 60-90 maka nhazi otu ọkwa nke otu ọkwa, na-eme ka mmepụta nke ọma dịkwuo mma ma na-ebelata oriri ume site na ihe dịka 40% ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro omenala.
Mmekọrịta na Upstream na Downstream Processing
Sistemụ nhicha mmanụ ọpụrụiche zuru oke na-ejikọta Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator na ngwa mgbakwunye maka ịrụ ọrụ kachasị. Nhazi n'elu na-agụnye nzacha iji wepụ ihe ndị nwere ike igbochi mmepụta ihe nkiri dị mkpa, na-esote deaeration iji kpochapụ gas gbazere na-emepụta ụfụfụ n'oge ikuku. Otu tankị ịwa ahụ nke nwere njikwa ọkwa na-eme ka nri nri kwụsie ike na evaporator, dị oke mkpa maka idowe ọkpụrụkpụ ihe nkiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na nkesa oge obibi. Nri ọkụ na-achịkwa okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ruo 40-60 Celsius C na-ebelata akpata oyi n'ahụ ngwaahịa ahụ ma na-emeziwanye arụmọrụ sistemu agụụ. Ngwá ọrụ dị n'okpuru ala na-ejide ma na-ahazi ihe mgbaze kewapụrụ maka mgbake na ijikwa ya, meziwanye usoro akụ na ụba na arụmọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Condensers na-arụ ọrụ na -10 ruo -20C na-ejide nke ọma ọbụna ihe mgbaze na-esighị ike dị ka methanol na acetone. Ihe mgbaze anakọtara na-enweta ịdị ọcha distillation maka ịlaghachi na ọrụ mmịpụta elu, na-enweta ọnụego mgbake mgbaze 98%. Mmanụ ọpụrụiche a sachara nke ọma na-apụ na Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator na 60-80 Celsius, na-aga ozugbo na arụ ọrụ jụrụ oyi na nkwakọ ngwaahịa n'okpuru mkpuchi nitrogen iji gbochie oxidation. Usoro a jikọtara ọnụ na-enyere aka nhazi na-aga n'ihu na ịdị mma na-agbanwe agbanwe yana ntinye aka dị nta.
Njikwa ogo na nkwado maka nnabata usoro iwu
Mmanụ pụrụ iche e ji eme ọgwụ, nri, ma ọ bụ ihe ịchọ mma chọrọ njikwa mma siri ike na nkwenye usoro iji gosipụta arụmọrụ mwepụ ihe mgbaze na-agbanwe agbanwe. Chromatography gas nwere nlele isi ma ọ bụ ntụtụ ozugbo na-enye usoro nyocha ọkọlọtọ maka mkpebi ihe mgbaze fọdụrụ, yana oke nchọpụta dị n'okpuru 1 ppm maka ihe mgbaze ndị a na-ahụkarị. Usoro nkwenye usoro Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator na-agụnyekarị asambodo nrụnye (IQ) na-edekọ ntinye akụrụngwa kwesịrị ekwesị, asambodo ọrụ (OQ) na-enyocha arụmọrụ n'ofe oke ọrụ, na asambodo arụmọrụ (PQ) na-egosi nsonaazụ kwekọrọ na matrices ngwaahịa n'ezie. Njikọta teknụzụ nyocha usoro (PAT) na-enye ohere nlekota oge n'ezie nke paramita dị mkpa na-emetụta mwepụ ihe mgbaze. Infrared spectroscopy inline nwere ike ịchọpụta mkpokọta ihe mgbaze fọdụrụ n'oge nhazi, na-enye ohere mgbanwe ozugbo nke ọnụego nri ma ọ bụ ọkwa vacuum iji nọgide na-enwe nkọwapụta. Ihe mmetụta nrụgide na okpomọkụ n'ofe sistemụ ahụ na-enye nkwenye na-aga n'ihu nke ọnọdụ ọrụ, yana ndekọ data akpaghị aka na-emezu ihe achọrọ maka FDA 21 CFR Part 11. Usoro nhazi na mmezi mgbe niile na-ahụ na nha ziri ezi, yana oge nhazi nkịtị nke ọnwa 3-6 maka ngwaọrụ dị mkpa.
Nyocha uru-erite maka mmejuputa-ọnụọgụ pilot
Itinye ego n'ime sistemu evaporator ihe nkiri kpochapuru maka nhazi mmanụ pụrụ iche gụnyere ịtụle ma ọnụ ahịa isi obodo yana ego eji arụ ọrụ. Sistemụ ọnụ ọgụgụ pilot dị mma nwere mpaghara evaporation 0.5-1.0 m² sitere na $80,000-150,000 dabere na nhazi, ihe eji arụ ọrụ, yana ọkwa akpaaka. Ọnụ ego ndị agbakwunyere gụnyere sistemu oghere ($15,000-30,000), chillers for condenser cooling ($8,000-15,000), na ntinye akụrụngwa gụnyere akụrụngwa na njikwa ($10,000-25,000). Ọnụ ego arụnyere arụnyere na-adịkarị site na $120,000-220,000 maka sistemụ nrụpụta pilot zuru oke. Ntinye ego ego ndị a na-enye nnukwu uru arụmọrụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere teknụzụ ndị ọzọ. mgbake mgbaze nke 98%+ na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa akụrụngwa site na $15,000-40,000 kwa afọ maka nhazi mmanụ pụrụiche 500-1000 kg kwa ọnwa. Nchekwa ike nke 30-40% megide ikuku evaporation rotary tụgharịrị gaa na mbelata ọnụ ahịa akụrụngwa kwa afọ $8,000-15,000. Nke kachasị, Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator na-ewepụ mfu ngwaahịa site na nbibi ọkụ ma na-eme ka ọnụahịa dị elu maka mmanụ ọpụrụiche dị ọcha na-ezute nkọwa mgbaze siri ike. Uru ejikọtara ọnụ na-enye nloghachi na ntinye ego n'ime ọnwa 18-30 maka ndị na-emepụta mmanụ ọpụrụiche guzobere.
mmechi
Ndị na-emepụta mmanụ pụrụ iche na-eche ihe achọrọ maka ihe mgbaze fọdụrụnụ ihu na-achọpụta na Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator na-enye arụmọrụ na-enweghị atụ site na ijikọta ọrụ oghere dị elu, njikwa okpomọkụ ziri ezi, na nnyefe oke ihe nkiri dị gịrịgịrị. Teknụzụ a na-enweta ọkwa ihe mgbaze dị n'okpuru 10 ppm mgbe niile ebe ọ na-echekwa ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-emetụta okpomọkụ, na-eme ka nnabata iwu na ọnọdụ ngwaahịa dị elu n'ofe ọgwụ, nri, na ngwa ịchọ mma.
Ọnụ ego nke Xi'an Well One Chemical Technology Co., Ltd
Ebe ọ bụ na 2006, Xi'an Well One Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., kwadoro site Xi'an NewSet Chemical Equipment Technology, nwere ọkachamara na njikọ na ịdị ọcha nkewa akụrụngwa n'ichepụta. Ọfịs 1500 m² anyị, ụlọ nyocha R&D 500m², yana ụlọ ọrụ 4500 m² na-ebuga mmepe usoro zuru oke, imepụta akụrụngwa, nnwale na ọrụ pilot. Na 19 afọ nke nka, anyị na-enye molekụla distillation na ehichapụkwa film evaporation usoro si nnwale na ụlọ ọrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ, n'ịhụ mmepụta ike na àgwà site siri ike ule.
Ị dị njikere iru oke ihe mgbaze fọdụrụnụ dị ala na mmanụ pụrụ iche gị? Dịka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nkiri China Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator, onye na-eweta China Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator, na onye nrụpụta China Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator, anyị na-enye ngwọta China Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator n'ogbe. Chọpụta Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator anyị maka ọrịre na ọnụahịa Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator asọmpi wee chọpụta sistemụ Pilot Wiped Film Evaporator dị elu nke nwere ọkọlọtọ CE, ISO, UL, na SGS. Ngwaọrụ anyị nwere ihe owuwu ígwè anaghị agba nchara 316, sistemụ njikwa ABB, ikike vacuum 0.1 Pa, ma na-abịa na nkwado OEM & ODM yana akwụkwọ ikike afọ 1. Anyị na-enye mma dị elu site na ihe ahọpụtara, R&D zuru oke na nkwado ahịa, na imewe omenala yana ihe nkiri 3D site na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe 5000㎡+ anyị. Kpọtụrụ anyị taa na info@welloneupe.com iji kparịta ihe achọrọ maka nhazi mmanụ pụrụ iche gị ma nweta ngwọta ahaziri ahazi. Chekwaa ibe a maka ntụaka mgbe ọ bụla nsogbu nhazi bilitere.
References
1. Batistella, CB, Maciel, MRW "Technology Distillation Molecular: Fundamentals and Industrial Applications." Akwụkwọ akụkọ Brazil nke Chemical Engineering, Vol. 15, Nke 4, 1998.
2. Hickman, KCD "Elu-Vacuum Short-Path Distillation: A Nyochaa nke Nhazi na Mmepe Usoro." Ọganihu Injinia Chemical, Vol. 44, Nke 12, 1948 .
3. Perry, RH, Green, DW, Maloney, JO "Akwụkwọ aka nke Perry's Chemical Engineers, 7th Edition." Isi nke Ngwá Ọrụ Distillation. McGraw-Hill Ọkachamara, 1997.
4. Lutisan, J., Cvengros, J. "Pụtara Free Ụzọ nke Molecules on Molecular Distillation." Akwụkwọ akụkọ Chemical Engineering, Vol. 56, Nke 2, 1995.
